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Sindbad’s Character Traits On Contradicting and Sympathizing with Homo Economicus - Literature Essay Samples

The story of Sindbad the Sailor, found in â€Å"The Arabian Nights’ Entertainments† and filled with countless economic transactions, can be understood through the application of different economic models to reveal the motives and driving forces of the principal character. By evaluating the actions of Sindbad in this 10th century collection of tales through an economic lens, and by applying the models of Homo Economicus (economic or self-interested man), Homo Reciprocans (reciprocating or cooperative man), and Homo Islamicus (Islamic man), we are able to infer why characters make certain choices and take certain risks. This allows us to gain a plethora of essential information we would otherwise neglect. The suggestion that Sindbad is the â€Å" perfect embodiment† of Homo Economicus is an interesting, although ultimately unsupported statement. By focusing on three main theoretical models, Homo Economicus, Homo Islamicus, and Homo Reciprocans, we can work to chara cterize the actions of Sindbad, ultimately realizing that he seems to not conform to one specific economic model, but fits criteria of each. Although Sindbad’s self-centeredness and greed fits with the traditional definitions of Homo Economicus, his charitable actions and irrational measures to obtain wealth make this statement unjustifiable. To apply these theories to the tale of Sindbad, we must acknowledge the academic conversation that has preceded this paper, and the opinions of scholars who have thoroughly studied the economics of these stories. It is also helpful to consult economists’ definitions of each theoretical model in order to correctly characterize the actions of our protagonist-hero, Sindbad. Kay and Mill are in agreement on the portrayal of Homo Economicus, using descriptive words such as â€Å"materialistic†, â€Å"self-interested†, and â€Å"pursuit of wealth†. Perhaps most valuable to analyzing Sindbad’s situation are Quiggin’s words on the Homo Economicus saying, â€Å"moral considerationshave no role to play.† Throughout Sindbad’s journe ys we are given examples of his egocentrism, with a large focus on his fourth voyage where he kills for personal gain. Another variable that all three scholars agree upon is that the Homo Economicus is â€Å"calculating† and â€Å"capable of judging of the comparative efficacy of means for obtaining that end†(Mill, n.p.). This is a potential flaw in the sentiment that Sindbad is a perfect example of Homo Economicus. Throughout the book Sindbad’s judgment calls can be defined as irrational and risky. Two economists, Gintis and Romer, have helped to break down the character traits of the Homo Reciprocan in â€Å"The Human Side of Economic Analysis†. While many economists such as Mill use Homo Economicus as the general model for today’s human, Gintis and Romer argue that, â€Å"a considerable body of empirical evidence contradicts this view.† They argue that many humans fit into the category of Homo Reciprocans. This model helps to explain some of Sindbad’s economic choices when he is concerned with the â€Å"well-being of others† and as seen in many of the stories his willingness to, â€Å"cooperate and share with others†, especially when they have helped him. One other important model to apply to this situation would be Homo Islamicus for many reasons, especially focusing on the geographical setting of the story and the religious emphasis that Sindbad places on praising Allah and religion. Timur Kuran argues that Homo Islamicus, based off of laws from the Qur’an and Sunna, describes the man that is able to trade for a profit but is unable to cause harm to others with these activities. He is also forbidden to earn more than he should. The only problem with the description is the ambiguity of words such as, â€Å"norms†, â€Å"fair†, and â€Å"reasonable†. We can see parallels to Homo Islamicus as Sindbad’s consumption consists of land and charity, rather than adulte ry, wine, and illegitimate items. When consulting each professionals’ definition, the reader may find that Sindbad exemplifies not only one theory, but pieces of them all. When looking at these definitions, it is obvious that Sindbad cannot be the, â€Å"perfect embodiment† of Homo Economicus. To prove these definitions apply to Sindbad and to show his failure at fully representing the Homo Economicus prototype, an examination into his seven journeys must be made to back up this claim. Applying the concept of Homo Economicus to the character Sindbad is an interesting and insightful way to analyze his actions. The overwhelming consensus on definitions of Homo Economicus points to a man who is selfish, greed driven, and lacking in morals. We find overwhelming evidence of these traits in his ability to sacrifice human lives for his own, and although he constantly reprimands himself for his greed moving him to go onto new voyages, he cannot resist the temptation of riches. The most moving cases of self-centeredness and lack of concern for others are found in the fourth and fifth voyages. Page 162 includes the passage, â€Å"I gave the unfortunate wretch two or three great blows†¦[and] killed her† and ends with, â€Å"I committed this inhuman action merely for†¦provisions.† Sindbad ends up killing 3 people for their water and bread. He justifies this by saying he needed their resources to live, but this is an extremely selfish act. To take multiple peoples’ lives to ensure one’s own is an extreme example of the self absorbed nature of Homo Economicus, pres entation Sindbad as a reliable example of this economic model. In his fifth voyage, he kills an old man by getting him drunk although this is somewhat justified as Sindbad had an immediate risk of death if he did not remove the man from his neck. But, he is undoubtedly more aggressive and violent than his attacker. Although he could have refrained from killing the man, this murder is more acceptable than killing others for their food and water who have never done anything to harm him. Addressing the other major qualification of Homo Economicus, the drive for greed, we are able to find specific examples of Sindbad’s voraciousness. He is driven by greed, to fulfill his sense of adventure, continuing onto seven separate journeys. His sixth voyage starts out with, â€Å"I could not but reflect upon myself as the cause of my own ruin, and repented that I had ever undertake this last voyage† (169). He fears he finally has to pay a price for his greed. However, this quote can also be an example of one great incongruity with Sindbad being a Homo Economicus. He proves time and time again that he will let his emotions and greed get the best of him by going on these life-threatening expeditions. We know he regrets these choices, starting most narratives with, â€Å"the pleasures of the life which I then led soon made me forget the risks I had run in my two former voyages† (151). After almost dying six times, he still goes on the seventh voyage. This show s that his want for money clouds his judgment. If we take from Mill’s definition, we see Homo Economicus is someone who â€Å"is capable of judging the comparative efficacy of means for obtaining that end† and one who knows, â€Å"consequence of the pursuit of wealth† (Mill). Although Sindbad returns with sufficient wealth each time, enough to donate to charity and buy nice estates, he still pursues more. According to this theory, after gaining riches, Sindbad should have discontinued his voyages. Yet, his choice to keep going is illogical, and counter to the principle of rationality in Homo Economicus. Another line of inquiry is that Sindbad is not Homo Economicus, but rather Homo Reciprocans. Sindbad, gracious to those who help him and obliged to help those who have provided for him, offers jewels to the merchants who aid him in his second voyage, and the king in the fourth voyage. This demonstrates his willingness to show gratitude and give of material possessions to others. Homo Reciprocans share even at a personal cost. Nevertheless, Sindbad cannot be classified as Homo Reciprocans due to his neglect for the â€Å"well-being of others.† With the multiple murders he commits, his selfishness is a major contradiction to this theoretical model. The last theory we can apply to Sindbad would be that of Homo Islamicus. This theory is especially interesting due to the religious aspects of this book and the setting. It focuses on morality with a special emphasis on charity. Although we find Sindbad to have the selfish characteristics of a Homo Economicus, in his second, third and forth voyages he says he, â€Å"gave a great deal to the poor† (156), and he doesn’t spend his money on things such as adultery and gambling. The Islamic man is permitted to â€Å" trade for personal profit† so Sindbad’s line of work is an acceptable way to receive wealth. However the Homo Islamicus is, similar to the Homo Reciprocans is, â€Å"required to avoid causing harm to others†, and Sindbad clearly doesn’t have much concern for others. Homo Islamicus, â€Å"forgoes temptations of immediate gain when by doing so he can protect and promote the interest of his fellows†(Kuran, n.p.). And although he trades for profit and gives to charity as he is required to, he sometimes does this at the expense of theirs, and it can be argued that he lives in excess wealth that exceeds the amount of riches he should have. Throughout this piece, the evidence for and against Sindbad’s characterization as â€Å"the perfect embodiment† of Homo Economicus has been explored and disproven. Although he exemplifies many traits of this economic model, his transactions heavily borrow variables from Homo Reciprocens and Homo Islamicus. After a review of each of the three main theoretical archetypes, Sindbad appears to not fit into any of these choices. Although the audience pushes to fit Sindbad’s actions into one simple model, this is not a realistic way to portray his economic choices and motives. He heavily borrows ideas from all three. When applying economic ideas such as these to a fictional text, we must understand the many limitations that may cause the characters to differ from the models. It is hard to place a character from a 10th century Arabic collection of tales into modern day economic models originating in the West. Although there are limitations to the models, they are helpful in evaluating this tale. Looking to the bigger picture, in the frame story, Scheherazade is very similar to Sindbad. They both tell a new story every night and are trying to entice their listeners to come back and listen every night. Scheherazade is telling these stories of a wealthy man who is surprisingly generous, ga ining and giving lots of money, to try to convince King Schahriar to be generous and kind. Sindbad never gives up when bad things happen to him, and only though his perseverance gains riches. If the king gives up hope on women and on kindness because of his wife, he will never receive anything good. Sindbad helps us to understand the difficulties economists have in classifying consumers. Sindbad’s stories exhibit that many people are driven for wealth and can make selfish choices, while also having moral obligations give. Ultimately we learn that human beings are complex, irrational, and hard to classify. Works Cited Kay, John, â€Å"In Search of Self-Interest.† Financial Times. 30 July 2002. Web. 27 Jan 2015 Kuran, Timur, â€Å"The Economic System in Contemporary Islamic Thought: Interpretation and Assessment.† International Journal of Middle East Studies. 18.2 (1986):135. Mack, Robert, Ed. The Arabian Nights’ Entertainments. Oxford: Oxford up, 2009. Print. Mill, John Stuart, â€Å"Essay V: On the Defintiion of Political Economy and on the Method of Investigation Proper to it.† Essays on Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy. London: Parker, 1844, 137. Print. Quiggin, John, ‘Economic Rationalism,’ Crossings 2.1 (1997):3-12. Romer, Paul and Gintis, Herbert, â€Å"The Human Side of Economic Analysis: Economic Environments and the Evolution of norms and Preferences.† July 15, 1998. 1. Web. 6 Sep., 2015. http://www.umass.edu/preferen/gintis/human.pdf

Forgive and Forget Essay - 883 Words

The rage that first overtook Achilles in the Iliad eventually subsides to compromise with his king, reconciliation with his enemies, and complete acceptance of his fate. The quarrel that incites Achilles anger is never resolved but is instead put into the past by a compromise with Agamemnon. Achilles anger over the death of Patrokolus rages until the death and disgrace of Hector. Only through avenging his fallen comrade can Achilles accept his fate and quell his fury. After the disgrace of Hector and the ransoming of his body, a complete and meaningful reconciliation between Priam and Achilles resolves the epic. All the rage, death, and destruction of the Iliad are ended in a quiet and meaningful reconciliation between Priam and†¦show more content†¦Achilles has lost what is most dear to him, his friend and lover Patrokolus. Lying in the arms of his fallen comrade, Achilles is visited by his mother, who brings replacement armor from the god Hephaestus and words of advi ce. quot;Go then and summon into assembly the fighting Achaeans,/ and unsay your anger against Agamemnonquot; (I,19.34-35) . Achilles, realizing his quarrel has indirectly led to the death of Patrokolus, is willing to make amends now in order to avenge his friend: quot;Son of Atreus... Now I am making an end of my anger. It does not become me unrelentingly to rage onquot; (I.19,56-68). Agamemnon, too proud to make true reconciliation, compromises, blaming his hateful words on the gods. quot;The Achaeans have spoken often against me/ and found fault with me in it, yet I am not responsible/ but Zeus is, and Destiny, and Erinys the mist-walking/ who in assembly caught my ear in the savage delusion/ on that day I myself stripped from him the prize of Achillesquot; (I.19,85-89). Reconciliation between the king and Achilles is more of a compromise than true reconciliation. Agamemnon still refuses to accept any personal responsibility for the argument, while Achilles wishes quot;to remember our joy in war craft immediatelyquot; (I.19,148) and fight for the vengeance of his fallen Patrokolus. Still seething with anger, Achilles redirects his energy to fulfilling his fate by killing Hector. In killing Hector, AchillesShow MoreRelatedWe can Forgive but We Cant Forget1635 Words   |  6 Pageswould be able to forgive him for abandoning his own family with not enough resources to survive. I would like to think I would because I acknowledged and overcame what had happened to my family and chose to move forward without dwelling in hatred and anger. I forgave, but I did not forget. According to Lewis B. Smedes, a Christian author, ethicist, and theologian, â€Å"Forgiving does not erase the bitter past. A healed memory is not a deleted memory. Instead, forgiving what we cannot forget creates a newRead MoreEssay on Forgive But Never Forget - Personal Narrative749 Words   |  3 PagesForgive But Never Forget - Personal Narrative There he was standing in the doorway of our house, a stranger to my mother and I, his shadow looming over me. His face, distraught and lonely, faced my mother who sat there crying on her chair as she had done for many nights for many years. In his right hand a black worn suitcase with a RAF badge on it, in his other a briefcase. A black hat was trapped beneath his armpit. He was a well-dressed man with a pitch-black suitRead MoreForgive and Forget in The Poisonwood Bible by Nathan Price Essay1516 Words   |  7 Pages People are taught to â€Å"forgive and forget† in order to be happy, afterall living with a grudge can being a serious damper in ones life. It may be easy to forgive a friend, or even a stranger depending on the situation, but what if the person that had to be forgiven was themselves? In the Poisonwood Bible by Barbara Kingsolver, the story is told through multiple points of view. Each member of the Price family is noticeably different, and each have their own inner demons. As each character is unlikeRead Moreâ€Å"Forgive Your Enemies, But Never Forget Their Names.† –John1302 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Forgive your enemies, but never forget their names.† –John F Kennedy This quote was said by a man who was once someone that the American people would call the 35th President of the United States. John F. Kennedy was a very young President, as well as a very good looking president. Women would swoon over the idea of John F. Kennedy but also be jealous of his wife that he was married to at the time. John F. Kennedy is well known for his affair with Marilyn Monroe the world’s leading bombshell blondeRead MorePersuasive Essay On The Sunflower1181 Words   |  5 Pagesto my house and then he would sleep on the floor and I would sleep on the bed. One week later I found out about his â€Å"fix† to the pain, I was initially hurt but decided to try the â€Å"forgive and forget† method. At first this caused me to check his phone, be over cautious and untrusting. But eventually I did the whole â€Å"forgive† part, I stopped checking his phone and gave him my â€Å"trust†. I still checked his phone secretly. Next I tried †Å"forgetting† I thought that if I pretended it didn’t happen then weRead MoreForgiveness Is An Important And Influential Part Of Forgiving Others865 Words   |  4 Pagesthe process it takes in order to forgive someone varies on the severity of the incident as well as the relationship the person has with the perpetrator. I am amazed by all of the different ways forgiveness is used and interpreted. If it was not for the opinion and view of my classmates as well as the large amounts of research done, I would not be able to see things as broadly as I do now. I originally wrote about a study that was conducted on what it takes to forgive someone, the mental and physicalRead MoreDgrwtrw1526 Words   |  7 Pagesthis quote means being able to forgive a person actually allow the person forgiving to begin the healing process, but this does not mean that the person forget what damage it has caused them. In psychology, â€Å"forgiveness is a process that involves the change in emotions and attitudes regarding the offender.† This definition of forgiveness points out that forgiveness is a personal choice and is not dependent on the person who is receiving this forgiveness. You can forgive and move on with your life toRead MorePersuasive Essay : The Power Of Forgiveness?701 Words   |  3 PagesJonathan Lockwood Hule once said, â€Å"Forgive others, not because they deserve forgiveness, but because you deserve peace.† Not forgiving only means that you’re hurting yourself. Forgiveness is one of the most difficult things that one can do in their lives, but there are myriad of things to do if you want to feel free in your life. The word â€Å"forgive† makes people wonder if forgiveness is something that can just come easily to one’s heart. The word â€Å"forgive,† which has the meaning of grantingRead MoreDivorce And Its Effects On Children896 Words   |  4 Pagesfamily, and society, 2013) The best ways to solve, or at least minimize, divorcing statistics are: marriage counseling, biblical or not (before as well as during marriage), communication between the children as well as both spouses, and to â€Å"forgive and forget†. The first way to help prevent divorce is to have marriage counseling. Some couples may choose to have biblically based counseling sessions. Adding God into the way the counseling is incorporated into the lives of the couple help them findRead MoreThe Sunflower Essay787 Words   |  4 PagesTut. Karl wanted a Jew to confess to. Simon Wiesenthal walked in the room and was talking to Karl. Karl wanted to cleanse himself, he was asking for forgiveness for all the sins he has done. Karl wanted to talk to Simon because he thought he could forgive for the other Jews. Simon just walked out of the room. Karl’s father died in a factory, it was bombed and he passed away only his mother lives. Simon left the Hospital and keeps thinking of the ss man’s crime and if he should have a sunflower. A sunflower

The Declaration Of Independence And Independence - 877 Words

The Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence is without a doubt one of the most important documents ever to be written in American history so far. It was signed by fifty-six different men, all who were representatives from different states. The person who wrote the Declaration of Independence is someone who we all know and grew up learning about, the famous Thomas Jefferson. The purpose of it was to declare the 13 colonies in America free and independent from Great Britain, get other colonists on board, and to encourage other nations to help them. The document was drafted and sent to King George III of England, politely requesting independence from English rule. In Jefferson s words, the Declaration was written, In order to place before mankind the common sense of the matter in terms as plain and simple as to command their assent. Jefferson not only wrote how they were splitting from Britain, but he also gave thorough reasoning as to why they should be allowed to do so The handwritten copy of the Declaration of Independence that was signed by Congress is dated July 4, 1776. This is why we celebrate Independence on the fourth of July. Jefferson uses reasonable arguments, which is why the Declaration of Independence was so persuasive. Some examples of this are Britan’s wrong doings; it gives the audience reading the document a chance to see the exact reason to why they are breaking from Great Britain. One of the strongest reasonable arguments in theShow MoreRelatedThe Declaration Of Independence And Independence1501 Words   |  7 PagesThe Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence is one of the most important document in U.S history that helped led to this country s independence from Great Britain. The Declaration of Independence helped us earn our freedom to become an independent nation with our own rules. However, without Thomas Jefferson and the rest of their concerns and reasons for separating this wouldn t have been possible. The writing alone wouldn’t have made this document memorable.The use of rhetoricalRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And The Declaration Of Independence1833 Words   |  8 Pagessocieties all over the world, the government has always been viewed as the powerhouse and reliable source for a country’s decision-making process. Another similar source of official government documentation exists in the Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of Independence was written by the third president of the United States, Thomas Jefferson. During that time period that Jefferson seemed to be the most significant towards the political spectrum, America was just about to enter a birthRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And Independence1972 Words   |  8 PagesThe Declaration of Independence brought America its independence, and it self, as well as our constitution. The declaration of independence had many positive effects on America. The Declaration of Independence is the usual name of a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. This stated that the thirteen American colonies, called themselves the thirteen newly independent sovereign states, and that they were no longer a part of the British Empire. Instead of staying in the BritishRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And Independence969 Words   |  4 PagesThe US Constitution, The Declaration of Independence as well as the Letter to the Danbury Baptist are not just historical documents, but some of if not the most important documents of the history of our nation. Although, similar in m any facets the intentions and the goal pursued by each highlight their individuality. The fact that the Declaration of Independence was the first to be implemented and signed is of significant importance as it set the pace and put in motion the proceeding documents thatRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And Independence3280 Words   |  14 PagesWho were the writers of the Declaration of Independence? Who are our founding fathers and where did they receive these great ideas? I will examine the main writer of the Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson and look at the sources he used to begin our country. If Thomas Jefferson was a student at the United States Sergeant Major Academy, and he submitted his Declaration of Independence to turn it in would he pass? Were our founding fathers even great thinkers or were they just takingRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And Its Independence1765 Words   |  8 PagesThe Declaration of Independence remains a sacred but a poorly understood document to numerous people. To understand the most significant issue found in the document itself, we must first observe the historical context behind the text itself. Commonly, the text itself represents a range of America’s efforts to create a new and independent society but what made Americans so prone to declare itself its independence? As the document reveals a list of issues that ultimately led civilians to free themselvesRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence1330 Words   |  6 Pagesparagraph of the most significant of all American historical documents, the Declaration of Independence. The very theory of natural rights dramatically influenced the conception of this starting paragraph. Natural rights is a political theory that strongly asserts that each individual who enters into any society possesses certain rights that no government can deny. The Declaration of Independence is a full and formal declaration adopted on July 4, 1776 by the representatives of the thirteen coloniesRead MoreThe Declaration of Independence1200 Words   |  5 Pages The Declaration of Independence is one of the most remarkable documents of the United States of America. The elaborate document contains almost fourteen-hundred words including a basic structure divided into two parts and within the two divided parts contains four main ideas within seven components. The declaration is not just any standard written document; it is a work of art painted by colonists who are driven by rage because of King George III of Great Britain injustices’ toward the coloniesRead MoreThe Declaration of Independence1186 Words   |  5 Pagessignificance of the Declaration of Independence Often a single document defines and commemorates an event or a moment in time that is of importance. The Declaration of Independence is the principal document that defines and commemorates the birth of the United States and the independence of our nation. The Declaration of Independence defines the right of the people to defy the established order, to change their government, and to throw off an oppressor. [1] The Declaration of Independence expresses AmericasRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence857 Words   |  4 PagesThe Declaration of Independence, written in 1776, has been interpreted and used many times by people throughout the 20th Century. The three most dominant are the Progressive, dominant during the first half, Neo-Whig, dominant during the middle half,and variant of the Neo-Whig, dominated during the last half. The interpretation that makes the most sense to me is the Neo-Whig. I agree with Neo-Whig because in that it is a â€Å"logical culmination of a decade-long pamphlet war† because if I were treated

Decisions, decisions free essay sample

My faith is by far, the most important thing to me and it is just as important to many others. I remember, feeling afraid to practice it outward around my fellow friends and classmates. The sheer utter of â€Å"God Bless You† after a sneeze seemed to be met with an awkward silence. â€Å"Oh how the mighty have fallen from grace, literally.†In our schools, prayer was outwardly excepted and vividly practiced, but eventually banned. I remember not knowing when I left home every morning, to either leave or bring my bible, due to the negative vibes and cold shoulders I would get throughout the day. It never feels good to be on the outside, neglected and abandoned, but on the second hand, it is never right to substitute your beliefs for someone else’s, just for the sake of fitting in.Faith is something in our schools, communities, and ultimately in our world that often gets overlooked, whether or not we are willing to admit it. We will write a custom essay sample on Decisions, decisions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The question I ask is, why? Why are we so afraid to believe in what we don’t understand? I guess the idea of a God or greater being, whichever your personal preference, is simply inconceivable and in this case unacceptable.It’s not within anyone’s right, to say what religion you should or should not choose, in our schools or in our communities. I feel that it is an individuals choice alone, who or what he or she believes, without encountering or experiencing hostility.The topic â€Å"Religion† isn’t entirely the point of the matter here, but how the constant nagging pressure of students, can ultimately lead to more serious and complicated situations, than a simple debate over bringing or leaving a personal item.Many students around the world, throw away their ambitions to be in a more popular group or to not be teased and made fun of. In fact, this course of action, if not address, can result in bullying and torment. The support from guidance programs and student resource centers are more valuable now, than ever.After leaving the pressures of my peers and the whole High School experience behind me, I seemed to have stumbled into a environment possibly worse than before. As a 19 year old sophomore in college, my will to do what’s right has been many times tested. But ultimately, in my time of doubt I remember my religion and how I shouldn’t abandon my ambitions regardless the situation.How eager are we to fit in and be excepted, that we are willing to throw away our values and beliefs? Until we stop, and stand up for what we believe in, this will continually be teens â€Å"right-of-passage.† No one must be forgotten or left behind, so consider standing up and saying, No! It’s the only way to actually start making a positive change even if it’s only in your community.I’ve m ade my decision, what will be yours†¦? Decisions, Decisions free essay sample I am a writer at heart. I don’t always have time to write as much as I want, but when I do find a few moments, I immediately feel much more relaxed. If I’m going to be stranded on some random island for a year, I know I’m going to need something to do with myself lest I go insane with boredom. This is where my writing ability would come in handy; not only will it keep me occupied for 365 days, but the new and different storylines will provide me a constant source of entertainment as I scramble to decide what’s going to happen next. While my DVD, item, and book decisions were difficult, I think I finally found the most beneficial combination. There is only one movie that I have always loved: The Princess Bride. I may not seem like such a softie on the outside, but the mushy love story between Westley and Buttercup make my insides bubble with glee every time I watch the film. We will write a custom essay sample on Decisions, Decisions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The supporting characters aren’t bad, either: Inigo’s infamous, â€Å"You killed my father, prepare to die,† mantra excites me every time I hear it, and I swear that Fezzik could make even a pre-ghost-visited Scrooge laugh. Besides, who doesn’t want to watch Cary Elwes prance about in a Dread Pirate outfit for a few hours? But I digress. The Princess Bride is the first â€Å"adult† movie I remember watching, and I’m one hundred percent sure that this story is what inspired me to start writing; this basic storyline can be seen in almost all of my early â€Å"books,† though some of the names were changed†¦ mostly just to â€Å"Buttercup and Wes† or â€Å"Bell and West.† The Princess Bride is absolutely going to come with me to that island, whether or not I have a player with which to watch it – it can just act as silent inspiration if I can’t actually view the film. My DVD was an immediate decision, but my item was not so easy for me – what I really want to take is pencil and paper, but that would constitute two things, which is against the rules. I suppose I cheated a little; I don’t actually own what I want to take with me, but I hope to own it soon. There’s a laptop called a â€Å"portable word processor† that does nothing but run Microsoft Word – no internet, no games, nothing. I imagine that I’ll have an endless amount of time on this island, something I lack now. I would definitely use that time to get at least one of my millions of ideas on paper (or in print, to be specific), and in order to do that, I need something with which to write, and something to write on – sand will merely wash away, and I feel that carving my story into stone would be much more work that it’s worth. For me, the word processor (with a fully-loaded, fully-charged battery, of course) is the way to go. My book choice was by far the hardest decision; I literally have my own library of books and, unless a Kindle is allowed, choosing just one was nearly impossible. After much thought, I decided that if I were writing my own stories, there really wouldn’t be a need for someone else’s fiction, so I took all those out of the pile†¦ which left me with only three books: two on how to write and one on the history of pirates. Though the pirate one may be a good thing to have on my little island, I decided instead to take Stephen King’s On Writing, a work that contains both his autobiography and an overview on what he believes makes a good, if not spectacular, writer. On Writing is both satirical and informative, and because I plan to start – and finish, for that matter – a novel or two while I’m on the island, this handy-dandy little book will certainly be useful. Part of me – oh, who am I kidding, all of me – is dying to go on this trip now, because it’s just what I need: time, freedom, and peace. Unfortunately, it’s fictional and impossible, so my personal Fantasy Island is just going to have to reside in my head for now, waiting until I can drop in for a few hours in order to write. When I do find that time, I know for sure that The Princess Bride, a portable word processor with a spectacular battery life, and On Writing are coming with me. I just hope I don’t run into a band of pirates.

The Problem Of Violence In Schools Essays - Criminology, Crime

The Problem Of Violence In Schools The problem of violence in schools today is a major concern. Crime in and around schools threatens the well being of students, as well as the school staff and the surrounding communities. It also holds back learning and student achievement. The problem is more defined in the public school system than in catholic schools. Catholic schools seem to express a better-rounded teaching environment. Most catholic schools have less tolerance than they do in public schools. It is said that the wearing of a uniform helps to keep more peace in the school. The students do not get made fun of for not wearing brand name clothing. The laughing and making fun of the other students is what contributes to low self-esteem, which one of the traits for a student who is likely to bring violence into school. More than half of U.S. public schools have reported at least one crime incident in 1997. Also one in ten schools reported at least one serious violent crime during this school year. Ten percent of all public schools had experienced one or more serious violent crimes (e.g. murder, rape, suicide, sexual battery, and physical attack of fighting with a weapon or robbery) reported to police or other law enforcement during 1997. Crime and violence seem to be more of a problem in middle and high schools than in elementary schools. In 1997 forty-five percent of elementary schools reported one or more acts of violence. Seventy-four percent of middle schools and seventy-five percent of high schools had reported incidents of violence. One of the goals of the National Education Goals states that by the year 2000, ?all schools in America will be free of drugs and violence and the unauthorized presence of firearms and alcohol, and offer a disciplined environment that is conducive to learning.? This goal has obviously not yet been reached, but there still is some time left for them to reach this goal. The crimes that are most frequently occurring in most schools are vandalism, theft/larceny, and physical attack or fight without a weapon. Six percent have reported physical attack or fight with a weapon. Even though the percentage of weapon related crimes is not as high as many of the rest, it is still one of the biggest and must be eliminated. It is the one of the worst acts of violence that could happen in a school. The school administration should adopt a policy that will help to eliminate the violence. They should either consider a zero tolerance strategy or something similar. The school environment should be a safe one for staff and students. Students should be able to go to school and not be concerned with any in or outside forces that will distract them from learning, or injure them in some way. Many potentially violent incidents continue to plague schools. School administrators are reviewing security and crisis plans, but many administrators are quick to point out that there is no one answer to providing a safe school environment. Everyone wants a simple solution, but the is not a one. People have to work towards getting and maintaining school safety. But no matter how well prepared or how safe everyone thinks a plan to be; it will never be one hundred percent foolproof. Someone will always find a way to get around even the most strategized effort to control the violence. Most incidents could and can be prevented by students, parents, teachers, or citizens coming forward and sharing the information that they know with either the school or police. It is known that prior to a major violent attacking, in most schools someone knows that it is going to happen other than the person who is planning it. But they do not go forward because they think that something like that could never happen in their school. Violence can happen anywhere, at any time. For example, take the Jonesboro incident or Columbine, it is common knowledge that someone knew about what the students were planning, but did not share it with the school or police officials. Schools should pay attention to not only the major incidents like Columbine, but also to the smallest threat. Schools in Allen, Texas,

Persuasive Writing Is Getting the Reader to Say Yes

Persuasive Writing Is Getting the Reader to Say Yes Persuasive Writing Is Getting the Reader to Say â€Å"Yes† Persuasive Writing Is Getting the Reader to Say â€Å"Yes† By Mark Nichol All writing, in a sense, is persuasive writing. Even in fiction, the writer asks readers to engage in a story and agree, or at least sympathize, with a premise. But two particular types of prose, the advertisement and the argument, encourage readers to buy something, whether it’s a literal purchase of a service or a product or a figurative acquisition of a proposition or an idea. The principles, regardless of the writing format, are essentially the same. Headline Writers accustomed to thinking of persuasive writing as an assignment in English class may be tempted to skip over this section, but whether you’re crafting an opinion piece for a publication or writing ad copy, the headline is the most important part of the composition. Therefore, marketing consultants advise writers to spend half the time it takes to craft a piece of persuasive writing on the headline. Most people, they say, will read a headline, but few will read what follows unless the headline encourages them to. The tone of a headline depends on the argument or message, of course; the wording will differ widely depending on whether the text is authoritative or entertaining (though there is no reason to omit one of these qualities at the expense of the other). Do, however, keep it as short as possible certainly, less than ten words long, unless you simply can’t get your message across without more. (But try to abbreviate it one more time.) Above all, write the headline first. You can always change it later, but by beginning with a headline, you provide yourself with a statement of your premise to keep you on track. Structure The following guidelines may read like something out of Comp 101, but bear with me: Introduce your point in a topic paragraph. Present your arguments in separate paragraphs. Provide facts or examples for each argument. Offer alternative or opposing viewpoints and argue why they are not valid or feasible. Summarize your point in a concluding paragraph. So, where’s the part about a five-paragraph essay in which each paragraph consists of five sentences? That’s the traditional formula for persuasive writing, but there’s no reason to follow it. You should, however, know it, and know the five structural steps, because you must know the rules before you can effectively break them. Even if you’re writing ad copy, you might try drafting your proposition according to these templates. Then, at that point, you can mold your message in whatever form works for you. But adhering to the rules, at least initially, can help you develop your argument without concerning yourself with the format. Techniques Apply these ideas to your argument: Provocation: Explain a problem that must be resolved and solve it. Explanation: Clearly state your solution. Repetition: Reiterate your premise. Authority: Establish your credibility with rational, responsible statements (ethos, or appeal to character), facts and figures (logos, or appeal to logic), and consistency. (The third classic value, pathos, or appeal to emotion, is not out of place among the first two, and often the most effective arguments incorporate all three.) Testimony: Quote or refer to experts or well-known figures to bolster your argument. Prediction: Depict a positive outcome to your solution. Anticipation: Preempt or respond to disagreement or skepticism by rebutting other options. Comparison: Encourage agreement by pointing to examples of existing phenomena that reflect your viewpoint or proposition. Personality: Inject warmth and vitality into your argument to appeal to your readers. Inclusion: Encourage buy-in by inviting readers to be part of the movement or the party of adherents to your viewpoint, or to join the clientele or customer base. Style and Strategy Consider your audience when determining your tone, but keep the basics in mind: Write clearly, coherently, and concisely, and use the active voice. But also keep in mind persuasive strategies such as emphasizing benefits, not features; writing for the undecided; and concentrating on expressing, not impressing, the reader. Finally, recite your composition, no matter what the intended medium or audience. If it doesn’t work as a speech, it’s unlikely to succeed in writing. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Whimsical Words50 Types of Propaganda5 Tips to Understand Hyphenated Words

Evaluation of Montenero Governance and Economic Reforms on the Way to Essay

Evaluation of Montenero Governance and Economic Reforms on the Way to EU Membership - Essay Example This essay presents a comprehensive analysis of modern political and economic developments in Montenegro, which is pursuing its further ties with the EU. Montenegro’s conclusion of its Stabilization and Association Agreement (SAA) negotiation with the European Commission will pave the way for eventual integration with he European Common market . The tiny nation of just 620,000 has done so ahead of Serbia whose European ambitions have been stalled with its refusal to cooperate with the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. Montenegro looks poised to follow Croatia and Macedonia in actively negotiating accession negotiations. Greater political stability was achieved with the democratic elections held in September in the year 2006 after the narrow win in the referendum in May, with just 55.5% of voters giving a go signal for independence. Djukanovic, with his party in power has even greater leverage to pursue governance reforms in line with democratic principles as one of the main prerequisites into entering the European Union. Held in a fee and fair manner and in line with international standards, the parliamentary elections placed Montenegro was seen favorably by the international community in its capacity to address political reforms and implement them. In terms of legislation, Montenegro has strengthened its anti-corruption drive. Key legislations for improved public procurement and conflict of interest legislation are set to be passed and the Law on Free Access to Information was signed (par 10). Also for the first time as a signal towards greater Montenegro accountability, 1,692 public officials submitted reports on their income and property (par10). Djukanovic in an interview published in the New York Times said that his government managed to pass 140 laws and many more regulations in his past term as Prime Minister, with focus on reforms on the economy, education and administration. As to criticisms that implementation has been slow, he said that the "effects of this reform job will be witnessed only after 5 years" To further cement its legal democratic framework, Montenegro has to craft a

Environmental Pollution Scenario - Phoenix Area Essay

Environmental Pollution Scenario - Phoenix Area - Essay Example The essay "Environmental Pollution Scenario - Phoenix Area" discovers Environmental Pollution Scenario. Sustainability can only be ensured if all involved stakeholders are on board when decisions are taken and implemented. In order to take and keep all involved stakeholders on board, it would be necessary to keep their interests in view when taking and implementing such decisions. A total of seven measures have been proposed in order to deal with the pollution based problems faced by Phoenix, Arizona. However, not all of the proposed solutions are implementable within the constrained budget of $18 million. Therefore, only four of the proposed measures will be implemented in full swing while the remaining budget will be kept in place to cover contingencies such as escalation in costs or need for increased commitment. This proposal seeks to implement. The total cost for these measures adds up to $14.7 million and thus leaves $3.3 million for contingency measures. The first measure for pollution reduction will concentrate on encouraging alternative transportation measures in order to reduce the load on roads and to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels. The recent spike in car usage to commute around Phoenix is a major contributor to pollution in and around the district. Alternatively the focus could have been shifted to pollution control for point sources but these sources represent pollution creation that is comparable to the use of fossil fuels in vehicles. The inertia posed in point control would be too large.... Alternatively the focus could have been shifted to pollution control for point sources but these sources represent pollution creation that is comparable to the use of fossil fuels in vehicles (Newman & J., 1999). Furthermore, the inertia posed by affected businesses in point control would be too large to amount to something substantial. Hence, it was decided to vie for encouraging alternative transportation arrangements through a pervasive campaign based on public contact making. The next measure to reduce pollution is the promotion of fuel efficient cars. The contention here is to reduce the amount of fossil fuels being consumed in vehicles being used around Phoenix. In this fashion the amount of emissions produced by vehicles will reduce thus leading to reduced contribution for the greenhouse effect. In order to facilitate the transition to more fuel efficient vehicles, people buying more fuel efficient vehicles could be provided subsidies such as reduced taxes on fuel efficient ve hicles, reduced gasoline rates etc. There may be initial opposition from certain automobile dealers who deal with large gas guzzling vehicles but over time this is expected to subside. Moreover, the initial opposition to fuel efficient vehicles is expected to be insignificant compared to opposition for other measures (Nagurney, 2000). Also it is expected that automobile dealers will switch over to selling more fuel efficient vehicles once market demand for these vehicles rises. The third measure being planned is the development of green spaces or urban forestry in and around Phoenix in order to serve as natural barriers and filters for the pollution being produced. In addition the development of urban forested areas will ensure that the heat island effect is

Bosnian Refugee Life in America Essay Example for Free

Bosnian Refugee Life in America Essay Thousands of refugees from Bosnia-Herzegovina have fled to the United States to seek protection from the ethnoreligious conflicts of the region. To best assist these families, service providers must understand their wartime and migration experiences and their culture. The purpose of this article is to review the literature relevant to working with Bosnian Muslim refugees as well as to understand the uruque issues facing this population. The authors interest in Bosnian Muslim refugees is a personal one. Between 1992 and 2001, nearly 3,500 Bosnian refugees escaping ethnic cleansing and war migrated to Bowling Green, a small city of 50,000 in rural southcentral Kentucky. The Bowling Green International Center has been a part of the local community since 1979 and actively works with the United States Committee for Refugees and Immigrants (USCRI). For more than 25 years, the center has assisted thousands of refugees of many nationalities in their migration to the United States and the local community. According to the centers director, Marty Deputy, Bosnians make up the largest percentage of refugees that have relocated to Bowling Green (personal communication, February 3, 2005). Deputy also indicated that while Bosnian refugees have adapted well to the local community, they still face many challenges because of their experiences in Bosnia in addition to their integration into a new culture. One of the issues that continue to haunt many Bosnian refugees is post-traumatic stress—a result of war and genocide. Post-traumatic stress is particularly an issue for the adult women, who experienced the trauma of rape and sexual assault as well as witnessing the murder of their children and spouses. According to Deputy (personal communication, February 3, 2005), social workers should approach Bosnian families and children with cultural competence. If visiting a Bosnian home, for example, removing ones shoes when entering is a display of respect and sensitivity. A willingness to drink a strong cup of Bosnian coffee is also appreciated. Social workers also must be sensitive about body language and speech tone. It is also important not to assume that all Bosnians are alike. As with all cultures, there is tremendous variation in the Bosnian culture, along with individual differences in personality and environmental experiences. Bosnian Muslim Experiences in the War The 1991 census for Bosnia-Herzegovina shows that Muslims made up 43. 7% of the total population of 4. 3 million people. Serbs accounted for 31. 3% and Croats 17. 3% (Bringa, 1995). Serbs identified the Muslims majority population base in Bosnia-Herzegovina as its strategic strength (Cigar, 1995). In 1992, therefore, the Serbs declared war and began a campaign of ethnic cleansing to eradicate non-Serbs. The term ethnic cleansing stands for the policy of ridding an area of an undesirable national group to create a homogenous region; it represents a type of genocide that is designed to spread terror (Friedman, 1996; Weine Laub, 1995). Serbias initial rationale for its policy was promulgated by the belief that the newly formed state of Bosnia-Herzegovina would create national minorities of the Serb population and eventually destroy the Serb populace as a discrete and unique nation (Friedman, 1996). The prospect of acquiring material goods from the Muslims—land, livestock, houses, cars, and cash—apparently was an additional powerful incentive for many Serbs (Cigar, 1995; Sells, 1998). The indigenous Bosnian Serb population was drawn into a terror campaign of killing and mayhem so the non-Serbian populations would never return. This persecution ultimately led to more than one million Balkan refugees migrating to the United States and other countries. The types of experiences they endured in their homeland before emigrating dramatically influenced their initial adaptation to these new environments. Resettlement and Adaptation Issues As difficult as the war-related experiences were, migration to resettlement countries signaled a transition to new types of struggles for Bosnian refugees. Unlike immigrants who leave their homes for a variety of reasons, refugees leave in order to survive, and they face a new realm of stressors as they attempt to rebuild their lives in exile (Keyes, 2000; Worthington, 2001). Such stressors include difficult transit experiences; culture shock; adjustment problems related to language and occupational change; and disruption in their sense of self, family, and community (Lipson, 1993; Worthington, 2001). Additionally, refugees leaving Bosnia-Herzegovina often have suffered multiple losses, such as severance from family and friends who have been left behind or killed, displacement from their homes and communities, social isolation, and the premature death of their children. Such an accumulation of loss can leave a sense of unresolved grief that can significantly impact mental health and future functioning capacity (Akhtar, 1992; Fullilove, 1996; Sundquist Johansson, 1996; Worthington, 2001). When refugees cross national boundaries seeking asylum, they typically find themselves in an alien social environment with norms that challenge their traditional patterns of family interaction (Mayadas Segal, 2000). Most Bosnian refugees have a hierarchical familial power structure and clear role definitions; in the homeland, authority was typically gender-based, with males maintaining instrumental roles and females fulfilling nurturing responsibilities. A traditional Bosnian womans commitment to her family includes observing strict codes of privacy and public silence on any issue that might bring shame on the family, such as family discord. For many women, this privacy mandate deters them from divulging details about marital strife or child maltreatment by spouses to outsiders such as work colleagues, community members, and mental health professionals. Consequently, Bosnian female refugees continue to be caught between traditional role models prevalent throughout the former Yugoslavias patriarchal society in the 20th Century and the expectations of their new culture. The Bosnian familys patriarchal patterns of behavior tend to be challenged on arrival in the United States, particularly around work-related issues. Women are more likely than men to find jobs in the low-wage labor market, and in becoming the breadwinners exposed to the outside world, they risk upsetting a family equilibrium based on male authority (Mayadas Segal, 2000). For Bosnian men, key ethnic and social boundary markers of their lives had evaporated; because of their grief over this, many seemed paralyzed in their attempt to move forward in their new life. Bosnian refugee children also face immense acculturation pressures (Mayadas Segal, 2000). They often are torn between the beliefs, customs, and values learned in their native culture and the often unrealistic expectations of the new one. The pressure to assimilate the cultural norms of their new country can be intense and extremely stressful. Their parents often lack the material resources and support systems to adequately assist them in navigating the complex terrain of foreign school systems, pervasive racism, and intolerance (Mayadas Segal, 2000). Consequently, many feel as if they are alone in a foreign, sometimes unforgiving new cultural milieu. To further complicate the situation, family roles often reverse as children typically become more fluent in English faster and adapt more quickly to the customs of the new country (Potocky, 1996). Because children are thrust into the role of serving as the interpreters and negotiators of cultural norms for their parents, respect for the authority of elders is often undermined (Carlin, 1990; Drachman; 1992). Even though most teenagers in the United States feel a certain amount of intergenerational tension, the adolescents of refugees often experience the pull of two vastly different worlds: those of their American peers and their parents (Mayadas Segal, 2000). They also feel subjected to the xenophobia of their American peers, who often ridicule others who they label as different. Immigration to the United States has provided Bosnian Muslim refugee families with many challenges as they struggle to adapt to their new lives. At first glance, their experiences may be similar to that of other immigrants, raising the familiar questions about how to perpetuate the faith of their forebears among their offspring or how to best preserve cherished cultural practices (Yazbeck- Haddad Esposito, 2000). But there are some real differences. With the attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon in Washington, DC, the potential for a xenophobic reception of Muslim immigrants and refugees by Americans has intensified. For example, disputes over the building of mosques represent a key source of friction for most Westerners (Pipes Duran, 1993). While Bosnian Muslim families may encounter the same issues earlier generations of immigrants faced, they also are burdened with the question of whether their children will be accepted in the United States, and whether Islam can ever be recognized as a positive force that contributes to a pluralistic, multicultural nation (Yazbeck-Haddad Esposito, 2000). Culturally Competent Practice with Bosnian Muslims When working with Bosnian Muslim refugees, service providers need to learn as much as possible about their culture, particularly given the pivotal role that ethnoreligious identity has played in their war-related experiences (Witmer Culver, 2001). Bosnian men and women tend to adhere to traditional gender roles; connected with this issue is the intense stigma attached to the sexual violation of women. This stigma frequently led women to refrain from disclosing war rapes to their families (Witmer Culver, 2001). Bosnian Muslims typically act in ways that preserve the positive image of the familys identity, especially males, who see openly revealing vulnerability or suffering as a sign of great personal weakness (Weine et al. , 1997). Family is the most important social structure across the urban and rural regions of Bosnia (Mojica-Castillo, 2001). Up until the 1970s, adult children commonly lived with their parents and multiple generations lived in the same house. But today, twoparent families predominate in this region with extended family members often living nearby. A cluster of shoes can typically be found outside a Bosnian home (Mojica-Castillo, 2001). This is because it is customary to remove street shoes and leave them at the door. Bosnians maintain a strong social tradition of neighborliness. The drinking of strong coffee or the sharing of food, accompanied by the essential element of lively conversation, is an important aspect of social life. Traditional music and folk dances are an important part of cultural celebrations. A basic principle of generalist social work is that practitioners need to be able to intervene on behalf of various systems, including individuals, families, orgaruzations, and communities. Additionally, the generalist social worker operates within an ecological framework that attempts to improve coping patterns for a better match between the client systems needs and the characteristics of his or her environment. An empowerment approach to generalist practice assumes that clients can draw from existing competencies and reservoirs of strength. Empowerment indicates the intent and the processes of assisting client systems to discover and expand the tools and resources around them (Furuto, 2004). Swift and Levin (1987) referred to empowerment as an evolution from dependence to independence and interdependence. Gutierrez (1990) described empowerment as the process of increasing personal, interpersonal, or political power so that individuals can take action to improve their life situations (p. 140). The strengths perspective enhances the concept of empowerment with its focus on promoting healing. Healing implies both wholeness and the inborn ability of the mind and body to resist and regenerate when faced with disruption, disorder, or disease (Furuto, 2004). Ethnic and religious identity may lead to discrimination when the refugee is seeking a job that requires intervention on a more personal level. Long-term difficulty in finding a job that provides the family with adequate income may cause low self-esteem and family tension culminating in violence (Furuto Murase, 1992). Various system levels often must be addressed simultaneously (Mayadas Segal, 2000). Western thinking on designing comprehensive mental health services is mostly based on the individual as the primary system targeted for intervention; hence, existing services tend to be designed for a North American population (Mooren Kleber, 1999). Furthermore, treatment of mental health disorders typically follows a medical model using talk therapy and drugs. Western theories also emphasize intrapersonal processes in isolation from the cultural context. The prevailing view that the responses to trauma are individual centered is in keeping with this tradition. Service providers must use the refugees own, indigenous cultural definitions of health and illness when making mental health assessments (Boothby, 1996; Wing Sue, Ivey, Pedersen, 1996). For example, a Bosnian client who had the Western diag nosis of major depression and post-traumatic stress disorder refused medication saying that there was nothing wrong with him that medications could fix, and insisted that the clinician understand that his current condition was a result of the wrongs that had been done to him, and not because of anything that was wrong with him (Weine Laub, 1995, p. 255). To address the issue of respecting the clients definition of the issue, Yuen (1999) promoted a more holistic biopsychosocial model of intervention when working with Bosnian children and their families; hence, the importance of using an ethnically sensitive ecological framework becomes a second principle of culturally competent practice. A third principle is to respect the indigenous strengths and resources within Bosnians that empower them to cope with their own experiences. Chow Yuen (2000) noted the necessity for an empowerment and capacity building model where refugees become partners in the design and elivery of services within their community. Efforts to design and deliver human service programs should include using indigenous Bosnian religious and cultural organizations, as well as self-help groups (Chow Yuen, 2000). Conclusion After Bosnians flee their homeland, they need protection in the asylum country. This necessitates supportive policies and macrolevel intervention competence. The main policy that guides refugee resettlement in the United States is Public Law 96-212, the Refugee Act of 1980 (Mayadas Segal, 2000). Based on the goal of helping refugees achieve economic self-sufficiency as quickly as possible, the act defines self-sufficiency as not receiving welfare benefits (Potocky, 1996). As such, this policy may be ineffective in helping refugees to settle in an optimal manner. To become truly self-sufficient, service providers need to redefine success in more progressive ways, such as helping refugees to effectively deal with resettlement issues relating to acculturation, psychological trauma, and intergenerational conflict—all of which can impede long-term economic self-sufficiency. This new goal requires adequate fiscal resources to develop programs and engage in active community outreach (Mayadas Segal, 2000). Social services must aspire to restore the psychological health and dignity of these families and children, who have seen the worst side of human nature. Helping them establish a positive self-image is critical to their success. While the genocide of family members and violent acts can never be forgotten, surrounding Bosnian Muslim refugees with a network of positive, supportive services can help them establish a solid foothold in the United States.